Computer Abbreviations

In this Computer Basics chapter, I shall discuss various computer abbreviations in computer science. The following table lists of those computer abbreviations:

Computer Memory System

Memory System:

A memory system is a computer is required for storage and subsequent retrieval data and information.

• CPU Register
• Cache Memory
• Main Memory
• Secondary Memory

CPU Register:-

It consists of a small set of a high-speed register that is internal to the processor and is used as a temporary location where actual processing is done.

Cache memory:

Cache Memory is a very special high-speed memory. It is used as a high-speed CPU with synchronization.

Main Memory:

The main memory refers that physical memory which is also known as internal to the computer. The main word is used to isolate external mass storage devices such as optical or magnetic disk drives. In other words, we can say that the main memory includes RAM and primary storage. Computers can only manipulate the data in main memory.

Secondary Memory:

• These memories are much larger in size but are not as fast as main memory. This can be used as an overflow memory.
• In case the main memory capacity has been exceeded.
  eg: Hard disk, Floppy disk, Compact disk, Magnetic disk, Magnetic Tape, digital versatile disc.

Access Mode:

The access mode is a sequential, random, and direct mode method of record retrieval changes as per the selected file/data.

1. Sequential Access Mode:

A memory contains can be accessed sequentially. eg: Magnetic tape

2. Random Access Mode:

Memory can be accessed randomly. Eg: Semiconductor Memories such as RAM & ROM.

3. Direct Access Mode:

Memory can be accessed sequentially as well as randomly. eg: Magnetic Disc, Compact Disc, DVD, HD, FD

Dynamic Vs Statics Memory:

The following Computer Memory System is based on the nature of memory:

Dynamic Memory:

Some memories loose information over a period of time these kinds of memory required refreshing.
The memory which requires refreshing is termed as dynamic memory.
eg: DRAM, Which is a dynamic model of capacitors need to change.

Static Memory:

The memory which doesn’t require refreshing is termed as static memory.
eg: SRAM, which is the static mode of flip-flop’s sequential circuit doesn’t need to change.
Note: Dynamic memory is slower than static memory.

RAM Vs ROM:

Read | Introduction to computer | Computer Abbreviations | History of computer | Computer Basics

Computer Data Structure

A computer is a very useful electronic device which stores all types of instructions given by the user for calculation such as numbers, numbers, text, graphics, pictures, etc. It stores all the data and instructions separately but the computer only stores all these data and instructions in binary language. Binary is the machine language whose base is only two numbers – 0 and 1. All instructions given by the user are converted to binary language in 0 and 1. This process is known as data representation.

There are two ways to denote the data:

1. Analog Operations
2. Digital Operation

1. Analog Operation:

Analog actions are based on a continuously changing signal.  These numbers (0 and 1) are not used. Analog activities are used in many areas of science and engineering because physical quantities are used in these areas such as speedometer, odometer, voltmeter, thermometer etc.

‘कम्प्यूटर डाटा संरचना’ हिंदी में पढ़ने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें

2. Digital Operation:

Modern computers are manufactured by digital electronic circuits. The main part of this circuit is the transistor, which works in two states 0 and 1. These two states expressing data in the computer are known as binary numbers system.

A system has been created to store binary data, with the smallest unit being the bit.

bit and Byte Conversion table:

4 bits (b) = 1 nibble

8 bits = 1 byte (B)

1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)

1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (MB)

1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte (GB)

1024 gigabyte = 1 terabyte (TB)

A Complete list of Windows keyboard shortcuts for Windows 10, Windows 8 & Windows 7 including shortcuts for cut, copy, paste, and more.

Symbol of Windows Key: 

Windows 10 Keyboard Shortcuts Keys

Magnifier keyboard shortcuts

Additional accessibility keyboard shortcuts

Windows 8 Keyboard Shortcuts Keys

Ease of Access keyboard shortcuts

The following table contains keyboard shortcuts that can help make your PC easier to use.

Magnifier keyboard shortcuts

The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Magnifier.

Narrator keyboard shortcuts

The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Narrator.

Narrator touch keyboard shortcuts

The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with the Narrator on a four-point tablet.

Windows 7 Keyboard shortcuts Keys

Ease of Access keyboard shortcuts

The following table contains keyboard shortcuts that can help make your PC easier to use.

Magnifier keyboard shortcuts

The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Magnifier.

Create keyboard shortcuts to open programs

You can create keyboard shortcuts to open programs. Before you get started, you need to create a shortcut for the program to which you want to assign a keyboard shortcut. To do this, open the folder that contains the program’s executable file, right-click it, and then click Create Shortcut.

For more information about creating shortcuts to programs, see Create or delete a shortcut.

1. Locate the shortcut to the program that you want to create a keyboard shortcut for.
2. Right-click the shortcut, and then click Properties.
3. In the Shortcut Properties dialog box, click the Shortcut tab.
4. Click in the Shortcut key box, press the key on your keyboard that you want to use in combination with Ctrl + Alt (keyboard shortcuts automatically start with Ctrl + Alt), and then click OK.  If you’re prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. If you’re using a program that also has a keyboard shortcut using the same key combination as the shortcut you just created, then your shortcut might not work.

Computer Generations

1st Computer Generations: 1946-1959

• The computers of this generation where ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, Ferrant, Manchester, Mark 1, UniAc etc.
• The main component used in these computers was vacuum tube (a switching device which replaced gear & excels)

2nd Computer Generations: 1959-1965

• The most popular invention of the 2nd generation computer, as well as 20th centuries, was a transistor (Switching device replaced vacuum tube).
  it was invented by scientists of Bell laboratory, U.S.A named:
  1. William Shockley
  2. John Bardeen
  3. Walter Brattain
• In the 1st part of the 2nd generation, we used Ge transistor and in the 2nd part Si.
  Ge & Si both are semiconductor materials i-e, not a very good conductor and not a very bad conductor.
• Ge was replaced by Si because the chemical bonding and melting-point of Ge were less than Si.
  In 1963, DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation, USA) introduced the first 32-bits main Frame computer.

3rd Computer Generations: 1965-1971

• The most popular invention of the third generation computer was IC (Integrated circuit). It was invented by Jack St. Clair an Engineer in Terias Instrument USA in 1958.
• Advantages of Integrated Circuit:
  1. Smaller Computer
  2. Low-cost computer
  3. Reliability
• According to pins agreement, there are mainly two types of IC’s:-
  1. DIP (Dual In-Line Package): Up to 24 pins agreement
  2. PGA (Pin Grid Array): more than 100 pins arrangement
• According to transistor implementation the types of ICs in the 3rd generation where
  1. S.S.I – Small scale Integration: 1 to 10 transistor
  2. M.S.I – Medium Scale Integration: 11 to 100 transistor
• The computer of this generation is called supercomputer. The 1st supercomputer where made in 1964 named CDC-6600 (Control Data Corporation, USA) and ILLIAC-IV made by Burroughs, USA.

4th Computer Generations: 1971-1980

• This is the period of enhancement in IC Technology Semiconductor Memory, microprocessor etc.
  IC Technologies:
• According to transistors implementations the types of IC in the 4th generation where:
  1. L.S.I – Large Scale Integration – 101 to 1000 transistor
  2. V.L.S.I – Very Large Scale Integration – 1001 to 10000 transistor
  3. U.L.S.I – Ultra Large Scale Integration) – more than 10001 transistor
• Semiconductor Materials:-
  The memory which is made of semiconductor materials such as:
  1. RAM: Random Access Memory
  DRAM: Dynamic RAM
  SRAM: Static RAM
  2. ROM: Read Only Memory
  PROM: Programmable PROM
  EPROM: Erasable PROM
  EAROM: Electricity Alterable PROM
• Note: The 1st semiconductor memory was DRAM, which could hold only 256bits in 1970.
• Microprocessor:
  The single chip processor is termed as the 1st microprocessor was made by Intel a 4-bits microprocessor Chip in 1971.
  Intel 4004 – 4 bits – Microcomputer
  Intel 8008 – 8 bits – Microcomputer
  Intel 8080 – (8-12)bits – Microcomputer

5th Computer Generations: 1980 -till today

• This is the period of enhancement in ICs Technologies, Semiconductor memory microprocessor as well as in AI(Artificial Intelligence).
• Artificial Intelligence:
  AI is the branch of computer science which is used to period machines, Robotics that will emulate the human thought process.

The following table shows concluded information about all Five computer generations:

Printer:

It is a Standard output device by which we get a hard copy (paper layout) of our information.

The printer is an output device, it is used to make a hardcopy of the data of the computer. After the keyboard, the printer is the only device that is used most often. Printers are used to print office documents in offices, homes and business establishments.

Generally, the printer is connected to a computer with a computer and it gives you the print when you have the Ctrl + P command from any application. But new technologies are used with the latest printer. Wireless printing is the main. In this, the printer is connected to Wi-Fi and the cloud. As you sit away, you can command the printer. With Cloud technology, you can also command the printer and remove the print from mobile.

1. Impact printer:

An impact printer comes in contact with the paper. It usually creates an image of the print by pressing an ink ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pin. Examples of Impact-Printer: Dot matrix Daisy-wheel Drum

2. Non-impact printer:

The printer in which the ink ribbon does not hurt on the pages for printing is called a non-impact printer. These printers use spray and other electronic technology for printing. Examples of non-impact printer: inkjet printer laser printer

According to characteristics, there are mainly three types of printer:

Character/Serial: Dot Matrix, Daisywheel
Line Printer: Inkjet, Drum, chain
Page Printer: Laser

A Complete list of Chromebook Shortcuts for Keyboard, Address bar, Webpage & Mouse including shortcuts for open, bookmark, history page, and more.

Chromebook Shortcuts: Chrome Keyboard Shortcut Keys

The following shortcuts require you to use your mouse:

Action	Shortcut
Open a link in a current tab (mouse only)	Drag a link to a tab
Open a link in the new background tab	Ctrl + Click a link
Open a link, and jump to it	Ctrl + Shift + Click a link
Open a link, and jump to it (mouse only)	Drag a link to a blank area of the tab strip
Open a link in a new window	Shift + Click a link
Open a tab in a new window (mouse only)	Drag the tab out of the tab strip
Move a tab to a current window (mouse only)	Drag the tab into an existing window
Return a tab to its original position	Press Esc while dragging
Save the current webpage as a bookmark	Drag the web address to the Bookmarks Bar
Download the target of a link	Alt + Click a link
Display your browsing history	Right-click Back  or click & hold Back  Right-click Next  or click & hold Next
Switch between maximized and windowed modes	Double-click a blank area of the tab strip
Make everything on the page bigger	Ctrl + Scroll your mouse wheel up
Make everything on the page smaller	Ctrl + Scroll your mouse wheel down

Computer Input-Output Devices

Input-Output devices:

• An Input-Output system in a computer is required to put instructions as data into the system and to get
  information to the system.
• An input system in a computer has two basic programs:

CPU<——System Bus——-> Main Memory <—–System Bus—–> Input-output Module/devices

Input Devices

The devices which are used to put instructions or data into the system are known as input devices.
eg: Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Joy Stick, Light Pen, Mic, Web Cam, Scanner, OMR, DBR/BCR, OCR, MICR etc.

Keyboard:

It is a standard input device which is based on QWERTY typewriter. A normal keyboard has 104 keys.

Mouse:

• It is an input device which is a pointing device used to move a pointer on to the screen.
• A normal mouse has two buttons i-e, left button and right button. Behind this trackball is available to move the pointer of the mouse on the screen.
• Nowadays optical Mouse is available which has three buttons including a scroll button to move the screen up and down. Behind these lessors is available to move the mouse pointer to screen.
• Founder of Mouse: Douglas C. Engelbart in 1964

Track Ball:

It is an input device which is pointing device used to move a pointer on to the screen. Nowadays it is outdated.

Joy Stick:

It is an input device which is a pointing device. Mostly use to play games to move the pointer UP & Down and Left & Right.

Light Pen:

• It is an input device which is a painting device looks like an ordinary pen which as an optical tip from where the laser is emitted.
• Full form of a LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Mic:

It is an input device which is used to put voice & Audio instructions into the system.

Web Cam:

It is an input device which is used to put graphics & Audio instructions into the system.

Scanner:

It is an input device which is referred to an eye of the computer system. It scans images, put into the system.

OMR: Optical Mark Reader/Recognition:

It is an input device which is used to read to computer readable papers i-e OMR Sheets.

OBR: Optical Bar Reader/ Optical Bar Code Reader

It is an input device which is used to read a set of vertical bars of different widths for specific data entry.

OCR: Optical Character Recognition:

It is an input device which is used to recognize the shape & size of characters or symbols.

MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition:

It is an input device which is used by banking industries to read cheque numbers directly and necessary processing.

Output Device

The device which is used to get information from the system is known as output devices.
eg: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker etc.

Monitor:

It is a primary output device which is also known as VDU (Visual Display Unit).

According to display technology, there are mainly three types of Monitor:
CRT: cathode ray tube
LCD: LED, TFT, HD
PD: Projection Display

CRT and LCD

LCD has the quality of low energy consumptions. The display quality of LCD was relatively poor then CRT but nowadays its quality has been enhanced. CRT & LCD are commonly referred to as the probable device. LCD is more costly than CRT.

PD: Projection Display

PD are popularly used as overhead monitors which are mainly used for the seminar, Marketing, representation classroom study etc.

According to adaptor’s i-e, graphics card implementation, the types of monitor are:
MGA: Monochrome Graphics Adaptor
CGA: Color Graphics Adaptor
HGA: Hercules Graphics Adaptor
SVGA: Super Video Graphics Adaptor

Printer:

It is an output device. we will explain in the next topics about the printer & its type.

Microsoft Word 2016 – Full Tutorial for Beginners – Hindi [Part – 1]

MS Office 2016 Introduction:

Microsoft Word 2016 : Microsoft Office is a group of interconnected desktop applications and services, collectively called Office Suite. Microsoft Office was first launched by Microsoft Corporation for Mac OS in 1989. After that, the first version was introduced for Windows in the 1990s. The Microsoft Office 3.0 Office Suite was the first version of the Windows operating system. After that, Microsoft Office 4.3, Microsoft Office 95, Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft Office and Microsoft Office 3003 are Microsoft Office 2010. There are four main programs under Microsoft Office-

1. Microsoft Word
2. Microsoft Excel
3. Microsoft Access
4. Microsoft Power Point

These MS Office programs are used to perform different types of tasks, but all of these functions are almost identical. After learning how to work on one of the programs, other programs are easier to learn. Not only this, it is very easy to take any picture, material or information from one program of MS Office to another program, so they can also computerize every kind of mixed work.

MS Word 2016:

Microsoft Word is the word processor developed by Microsoft Corporation. Its main task is to operate the document. This is a word processing package, with the help of simple day-to-day correspondence to desktops publishing level work can be done conveniently. It also has the convenience of the tool bar along with conventional menus. Such as copying, cutting, adding, searching and changing, exploring fonts, spelling and grammar, bullets and numbering etc. Microsoft Word 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016 also have the facility to translate documents into various languages.

The word computer derives from “compute”, a Greek word means to “Calculate”
Before 3000 B.C Chinese started the “Job of Calculation” with the help of a device known as “Abacus”.

Charles Babbage (Father of Computer):

In the mid 18th century, A professor of mathematics of Cambridge University (Landon) designed a machine named “Analytical Engine”.
It was designed by Charles Babbage (Father of the computer) as well as Grandfather of the modern computer.

Structure of Analytical Engine:

Analytical Engine is known as the first computer which is invented by Charles Babbage.

Height = 18′
Width = 80′
operated by = 12 Person
No of Gear & Excel = 100
Power consumed = 1,25,000 watt
Temperature = 4 degree centigrade

Alan Turing (Father of Modern Computer):

He was known as the father of modern computer who made a Turing machine, a language reconsider which accept a language or reject.

In between 1943-45, The first all Electronic Computer was introduced by John Moutchley & J.Presper Eckert at the Moor school of engineering under Pennsylvania university U.S.A.

ENIAC:

Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator.

1947, Another all-electronic computer was intratual by John von Neumann at the AT & TC (American Telephone and Telegraph company) named EDVAC.

EDVAC:

Electronic Distance variable automatic computer. which had stored program facilities.

EDSAC:

In 1949, Another All Electronic computer was introduced by Maurice Caillet named EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer).

UNIAC:

In 1951, Another all-electronic computer also known as the 1st commercially available computer was introduced by J. Presper Eckert with the help of IBM named UniAc/Univac(Universal Automatic Computer), which was commercially used by American census Bureau.